Product Management Using Boston Matrix Tool With Product...

Product Management Using Boston Matrix Tool with Product Life Cycle Management INTRODUCTION: Oil and gas theft and spillage along pipelines are caused by two major phenomena: damages and ruptures. However, pipeline damages are mainly due to sabotage. Due to diminished pipeline and aging process of the pipes there will be ruptures in pipeline. In Nigeria oil and gas theft and spillage occurs due to a number of causes which include corrosion of pipeline and tankers, sabotage, oil production operations and insufficient or non-functional production equipment. Pipeline rupture is caused due to â€Å"very old and lack regular inspection and maintenance†.As a result it is causing environmental pollution and wastage of resources. To over come this problem an Engineering Systems Development Company called Abuja Energy Surveillance (AES) Ltd has developed a new oil and gas pipeline monitoring system using drones and Geographic Information System. By using Boston Matrix the company has planned 10 year strategic market share plan that focuses on making the system a market dominant in energy security and environment pollution management for oil and gas industry sector in many countries. Boston Matrix: â€Å"It was developed by the Boston Consulting Group; it is a tool that allows classifying and evaluating the products and services of a business†. By using Boston Matrix a company can decide what planning should be made in order to balance the activities of a company. Purpose of BCG matrix is toShow MoreRelated1. Critically Analyse the Relative Merits of the Strategic Marketing Planning Tools Offered by the Boston Consulting Group770 Words   |  4 Pages1. Critically analyse the relative merits of the strategic marketing planning tools offered by Porter, the Boston Consulting Group and Ansoff. Use a different marketing example for each tool to illustrate your understanding. 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The Science of Mind and Behaviour - 1000 Words

They have a duty of care and a legal obligation to abide by human right laws, introduced to ensure people had protection, equal living standards and opportunity. The Equality Act 2010 was introduced to make sure disabled people were not discriminated against and were provided additional support if needed. Also, The Race Relation Act 1976 which promotes fairness, equal opportunity and ensured people were not discriminated against due to skin colour. These laws and others help ensure rights are protected and fairness, dignity and freedom is granted to all. People treat others differently for lots of reasons. They could be insecure about themselves so by being mean it can†¦show more content†¦This behaviour can intensify into prejudice, hate crime or violence, such as, the Stephen Lawrence case (Police, no date). People stereotype for various reasons, such as feeling intimidated, scared or annoyed, but this can then reflect in behaviour, such as avoiding them. Fear is heightened by the media using negative publicity, which may not be totally accurate, to aid sales or make opposition governments appear better by scapegoating, blaming vulnerable people for their own mistakes, such as high unemployment levels due to immigrants taking all the jobs, when in fact they create jobs (Legrain, 2007). Adorno et al. believed prejudice stemmed from personality types. He gave the authoritarian personality name to those who were respectful to like-minded individuals but hostile and aggressive towards people with differences, such as Nazi’s and their treatment of Jews. These people were raised to traditional, strict boundaries and punished for lack of obedience. They themselves are unwilling to accept change, having acquired regimental manners and an attitude in which everything is either ‘right or wrong’. It is believed they take out their frustration and anger, from their harsh upbringing, on the weak and those they considered inferior. 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Study Of Demographic Profile Of The Respondents Accounting Essay Free Essays

string(67) " hard is because I ‘m afraid to loss this stable occupation\." In this chapter, consequence is obtained through the informations aggregation method from 300 questionnaires. The informations obtained from questionnaires are analyzed and computed by utilizing the Statistical Package societal Science ( SPSS ) package. Tables and charts will be exhibited to show the consequences in an apprehensible mode. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Of Demographic Profile Of The Respondents Accounting Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This chapter started off with the descriptive analysis of the respondent demographic profile and cardinal inclinations measuring of concepts. Next, scale measuring is to supply the consequences of dependability trial. This is followed by the illative analysis with the Pearson correlativity coefficient analysis and multiple additive arrested development analysis. Last is to reason this chapter. 4.1 Descriptive Analysis 4.1.1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents Table 4.1: Gender of Respondents Gender Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Male 105 51.7 51.7 51.7 Female 98 48.3 48.3 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research In the Table 4.1 above, it showed the frequence and per centum of gender of 203 respondents. There were a sum of 105 male respondents ( 51.7 % ) and a sum of 98 female respondents ( 48.3 % ) . Table 4.2: The Age Group of Respondents Age Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Under 21 old ages 5 2.5 2.5 2.5 21-30 old ages 67 33.0 33.0 35.5 31-40 old ages 54 26.6 26.6 62.1 41-50 old ages 31 15.3 15.3 77.3 51 old ages A ; above 46 22.7 22.7 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research Table 4.2 presented the frequence and per centum of the age group of respondents. 5 respondents ( 2.5 % ) were under 21 old ages old, 67 respondents ( 33.0 % ) were 21 to 30 old ages old, 54 respondents ( 26.6 % ) were 31 to 40 old ages old, 31 respondents ( 15.3 % ) were 41 to 50 old ages old and 46 respondents ( 22.7 % ) were 51 old ages old and above. Table 4.3: The Marital Status of Respondents Marital Status Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Single 73 36.0 36.0 36.0 Married 130 64.0 64.0 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research The Table 4.3 indicated the frequence and per centum of the matrimonial position of respondents. The bulk of the respondents were married which represented 64.0 % that is about 130 people out of 203 respondents. Besides that, 73 respondents ( 36.0 % ) were still individual. Table 4.4: The Education Level of Respondents Education Degree Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Primary instruction 8 3.9 3.9 3.9 Secondary instruction 77 37.9 37.9 41.9 Certificate / Diploma 80 39.4 39.4 81.3 Bachelor ‘s grade 33 16.3 16.3 97.5 Master ‘s grade 5 2.5 2.5 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research From the Table 4.4, it showed the frequence and per centum of the instruction degree of respondents. From the information above, bulk of 80 respondents held a certification or sheepskin ( 39.4 % ) . The 2nd and 3rd largest groups were 77 respondents who had completed the secondary instruction ( 37.9 % ) and 33 respondents who held a unmarried man grade ( 16.3 % ) . Last, the respondents who had completed the primary instruction and which is a maestro grade holders were 8 people ( 3.9 % ) and 5 people ( 2.5 % ) severally. Table 4.5: The Working Period of Respondents Working Time period Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Less than 1 twelvemonth 23 11.3 11.3 11.3 1-5 old ages 63 31.0 31.0 42.4 6-10 old ages 48 23.6 23.6 66.0 11-15 old ages 25 12.3 12.3 78.3 16-20 old ages 19 9.4 9.4 87.7 Above 20 old ages 25 12.3 12.3 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research The Table 4.5 represented the frequence and per centum of the on the job period of respondents. The respondents were divided into six classs. 23 respondents worked as an insurance agent for less than one twelvemonth ( 11.3 % ) , 63 respondents worked for 1 to 5 old ages ( 31.0 % ) , 48 respondents worked for 6 to 10 old ages ( 23.6 % ) , 25 respondents worked for 11 to 15 old ages ( 12.3 % ) , 19 respondents worked for 16 to 20 old ages ( 9.4 % ) and 25 respondents worked as an insurance agent above 20 old ages ( 12.3 % ) . 4.1.2 Cardinal Tendencies Measurement of Constructs 4.1.2.1 Commission Pay Table 4.6: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Commission Pay No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation CP1 I think the committee wage is a really of import incentive for me. 4.3448 0.75078 CP2 I am motivated by committee wage to seek my best attempts in work. 4.2562 0.73350 CP3 My occupation public presentation determine the extra committee wage when achieve higher mark. 4.2808 0.81141 CP4 I will retain the occupation because I am satisfied with the committee wage. 4.0985 0.85025 CP5 I work hard is to acquire a better committee wage in this occupation. 4.3005 0.78561 Beginning: Developed for the research Table 4.6 illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of committee wage. Mentioning to the tabular array above, most respondents agreed to the CP1 with average value of 4.3448. The 2nd highest was CP5 with average value of 4.3005. The 3rd and 4th highest were CP3 and CP2 which had the average value of 4.2808 and 4.2562 severally. The lowest average value was CP4 which was 4.0985. From the tabular array above, CP4 had highest standard divergence value which was 0.85025. The 2nd and 3rd highest standard divergence value was CP3 and CP5 which had 0.81141 and 0.78561 severally. The 4th highest standard divergence was CP1 with the value of 0.75078. The lowest standard divergence value was 0.73350 by CP2. 4.1.2.2 Job Security Table 4.7: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Job Security No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation JSM1 I think occupation security is another of import incentive for me. 4.1232 0.68188 JSM2 I am motivated by the good occupation security in current occupation. 3.9852 0.74779 JSM3 I feel my current occupation is unafraid, dependable and lasting. 3.9951 0.82951 JSM4 My occupation public presentation is influenced by the occupation security. 4.0000 0.79603 JSM5 I work hard is because I ‘m afraid to loss this stable occupation. You read "Study Of Demographic Profile Of The Respondents Accounting Essay" in category "Essay examples" 3.7143 1.00845 Beginning: Developed for the research The Table 4.7 illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of occupation security. The consequence from the tabular array above, JSM1 had the highest average value of 4.1232. The 2nd highest average value was JSM4 which was 4.000. The 3rd highest was JSM3 with the average value of 3.9951 which was followed by JSM2 which had a average value of 3.9852. The JSM5 had the lowest average value of 3.7143. Harmonizing to the Table 4.7, the JSM5 had the highest standard divergence value of 1.00845. The 2nd highest standard divergence value was JSM3 which was 0.82951. The 3rd highest was JSM4 with the standard divergence value of 0.79603 which was followed by JSM2 which had a standard divergence value of 0.74779. The lowest standard divergence value was JSM1 which was merely 0.68188. 4.1.2.3 Opportunities for Advancement and Development Table 4.8: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Opportunities for Advancement and Development No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation AD1 I think the chances for promotion and development is another of import incentive for me. 4.1034 0.79238 AD2 I am motivated by chances for promotion and development in current occupation. 4.0443 0.75321 AD3 I have more chances for promotion and development in current occupation if I retain the occupation for longer period of clip. 4.0936 0.78734 AD4 I have more chances to direct for preparation, learn accomplishment and developing myself in current occupation. 4.1084 0.81330 AD5 I work hard is to acquire more chances for promotion and development in this occupation. 4.1675 0.74563 Beginning: Developed for the research Table 4.8 illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of chances for promotion and development. In the term of average value, AD5 had the highest mean of 4.1675. Second, it is followed by AD4 of 4.1084, AD1 of 4.1034 and AD3 of 4.0936. The AD2 had the lowest average value of 4.0443. From the Table 4.8, the AD4 had the highest standard divergence value of 0.81330. Second, it is followed by AD1 with the standard divergence value of 0.79238, AD3 with the standard divergence value of 0.78734 and AD2 with the standard divergence value of 0.75321. The lowest standard divergence value was 0.74563 by AD5. 4.1.2.4 Work Itself Table 4.9: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Work Itself No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation W1 I have more independent when I ‘m working. 4.1724 0.78654 W2 I have more assurance to accomplish the mark of the occupation. 4.2217 0.75461 W3 I am willing to work hard with current occupation. 4.2069 0.72886 W4 I am non willing to alter another occupation even if I get other occupation in elsewhere. 3.8227 0.98909 W5 I think my ability can execute good in current occupation. 4.1527 0.75211 W6 I am proud to work with current occupation. 4.2020 0.77944 Beginning: Developed for the research The Table 4.9 above, it illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of work itself. Based on the tabular array, W2 had the highest average value of 4.2217. The 2nd highest was W3 that had 4.2069 of average value. The 3rd highest was the W6 that had 4.2020 of mean value which was followed by, the W1 and W5 which had the average value of 4.1724 and 4.1527 severally. The W4 had the lowest average value was 3.8227. In the tabular array above, the highest standard divergence value was 0.98909 by the W4. The 2nd highest standard divergence value was W1 which was 0.78654. The 3rd highest standard divergence value was the W6 that had 0.77944 which was followed by, the W2 and W5 which had the standard divergence value of 0.75461 and 0.75211 severally. The lowest standard divergence value was W3 which was 0.72886. 4.1.2.5 Job Satisfaction Table 4.10: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Job Satisfaction No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation JS1 In general I am satisfied with my occupation. 4.1330 0.74265 JS2 I am satisfied with the flexibleness of the on the job hours in current occupation. 4.3054 0.68601 JS3 I am satisfied with the committee wage strategy in current occupation. 4.0394 0.78250 JS4 I will retain the occupation because I am satisfied with the occupation security. 4.0148 0.74779 JS5 I am satisfied with the accomplishment in current occupation. 4.0591 0.78125 JS6 I am happy with the manner my co-workers and higher-ups treat me. 4.0936 0.79982 JS7 I am truly enjoyed with my occupation. 4.2266 0.81925 Beginning: Developed for the research Harmonizing to Table 4.10, it illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of occupation satisfaction. Based on the tabular array, most respondents agreed to the JS2 with average value of 4.3054. The 2nd highest was JS7 that had 4.2266 of average value. The 3rd and 4th highest average value was JS1 and JS6 which is 4.1330 and 4.0936 severally. The 5th highest was JS5 with the average value of 4.0591 which was followed by JS3 which had a average value of 4.0394. The lowest average value was the JS4 which was merely 4.0148. In the term of standard divergence value, JS7 had the highest standard divergence of 0.81925. Following, it is followed by JS6 of 0.79982, JS3 of 0.78250, JS5 of 0.78125 and JS4 of 0.74779. The two lowest standard divergence values were JS1 of 0.74265 and JS2 of 0.68601. 4.2 Scale Measurement 4.2.1 Internal Reliability Test Table 4.11: Reliability Statistic Variable Cronbach ‘s Alpha N of Items CP 0.881 5 JSM 0.805 5 Ad 0.911 5 Tungsten 0.899 6 Joule 0.901 7 Beginning: Developed for the research The dependability trial is test the consistence and truth of the IVs and DV which the credence degree of cronbach ‘s alpha more than 0.70. Based on the Table 4.11, the highest cronbach ‘s alpha is chances for promotion and development standing at 0.911. The 2nd highest is occupation satisfaction which the cronbach ‘s alpha is 0.901 followed by committee wage and work itself which the cronbach ‘s alpha are 0.899 and 0.881. The lowest cronbach ‘s alpha is occupation security standing at 0.805. From the consequence, overall the cronbach ‘s alpha for all variable are more than 0.70. Therefore, the questionnaire in this research is dependability and consistence. 4.2.2 Normality Test The trial of normalcy, histogram with normal curve, P-P secret plan and spread secret plan diagram are being used to demo the normal distribution of informations. Table 4.12: Trials of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Standardized Residual .055 203 .200* .988 203 .091 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction * . This is a lower edge of the true significance. Beginning: Developed for the research This research uses 203 study questionnaires which the sample size is more than 50. Therefore, Kolmogorov-Smirnov ‘s trial is usage for proving the normalcy as it is used to analyze larger sample size ( n gt ; 50 ) . Based on the Table 4.12, the important value of Kolmogorov-Smirnov ‘s trial is equal to 0.200, which is more than 0.05. Thence, as the normalcy premise is achieved, the informations can be assumed to be usually distributed. Besides, based on the Appendix G, the histogram with normal distribution curve of trade name trueness demoing a sensible bell-shaped and therefore the informations can be assumed to be usually distributed. In add-on, from the Appendix F, the normal chance secret plan of trade name prevarications near to the fanciful heterosexual line which is lifting from the lower-left corner to the upper right corner and demo an upward incline of the graph. This can connote that the informations can be assumed to be usually distributed. 4.2.3 Multicollinearity Test Based on the Table 4.14, the correlativity coefficient between IVs were 0.581 for CP and JSM, 0.496 for CP and AD, 0.528 for CP and W, 0.604 for JSM and AD, 0.612 for JSM and W, and 0.657 for AD and W. Therefore, these correlativity coefficients are high between IVs but there is no multicollinearity job since they are all less than 0.8 in this research ( Field, 2005 ) . Furthermore, harmonizing to Table 4.13 the tolerance and VIF value for CP ( 0.606 1.650 ) , JSM ( 0.493 2.029 ) , AD ( .497 2.013 ) and W ( .478 2.094 ) are more than 0.1 and less than 10 severally in the multicollinearity statistics. Hence, multicollinearity job do non show in this research ( Hair et al. , 1992 ) . Table 4.13: Multicollinearity Model Collinearity Statisticss Tolerance VIF CP_Average .606 1.650 JSM_Average .493 2.029 AD_Average .497 2.013 W_Average .478 2.094 Beginning: Developed for the research 4.3 Inferential Analysis 4.3.1 Pearson ‘s Correlation Analysis Table 4.14: Pearson ‘s Correlation Analysis CP JSM Ad Tungsten Joule Commsion Pay ( CP ) 1 Job Security ( JSM ) .581** 1 Opportunities for Advancement and Development ( AD ) .496** .604** 1 Work Itself ( W ) .528** .612** .657** 1 Job Satisfaction ( JS ) .557** .659** .674** .836** 1 ** . Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . Beginning: Developed for the research By implementing Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Table 4.14 illustrates the consequences of the correlativity analysis of the four independent variables ( CP, JSM, AD and W ) and one dependant variable ( JS ) . The consequence from Table 4.14 shows that p-value of committee wage is 0.000 which is less than the significance value 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) and the R value is 0.557. Therefore, the analysis consequence concludes that committee wage is moderate positive correlated with occupation satisfaction. For occupation security variable, the p-value is 0.000 which is lower than the significance value 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) and the R value is 0.659 which indicates there is moderate positive relationship between occupation security and occupation satisfaction. In the Table 4.14, the p-value of chances for promotion and development is 0.000 ( P lt ; 0.01 ) and the R value is 0.674. Hence, the chance for promotion and development is moderate positive correlated with occupation satisfaction. As shown in the Table 4.14, the p-value of work itself is 0.00 which is lower than the significance value 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) and the R value is 0.836. As a consequence, the work itself has high positive relationship with occupation satisfaction. 4.3.2 Multiple Regression Analysis Table 4.15: Multiple Regression Analysis Independent Variables Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t-value Sig. Bacillus Beta Changeless .350 2.069 .040 Commission Pay .069 .074 1.610 .109 Job Security .158 .160 3.154 .002 Opportunities for Advancement and Development .130 .143 2.834 .005 Work Itself .562 .605 11.724 .000 R2 .748 Adjusted R2 .743 F 147.264** Beginning: Developed for the research From table 4.15 above, shows that the correlativity coefficient, R= 0.864, means that there is a positive correlativity between the four independent variables and dependent variable. The value of R Square is 0.748 which indicates that 74.8 % of the discrepancy in the dependant variable ( occupation satisfaction ) is explained by the 4 independent variables ( committee wage, occupation security, chances for promotion and development, and work itself ) . However, it is still leaves 25.2 % of occupation satisfaction is explained by other factors in this survey. Furthermore, harmonizing to table above, p-value ( Sig. 0.000 ) is less than alpha value 0.05, therefore, the F- statistic which equals to 147.204 is important. That mean this theoretical account is a good form for the relation between the residuary and forecasters. Therefore, the independent variables ( committee wage, occupation security, chances for promotion and development, and work itself ) are significantly explicating the discrepancy in the occupation satisfaction among insurance agents. Since the p-value is less than 0.05 and is in the cull part which H0 is rejected. Harmonizing to Table 4.15, occupation security ( p=0.002 ) , chances for promotion and development ( p= 0.005 ) , work itself ( p lt ; 0.001 ) are important to foretell the dependant variable ( occupation satisfaction ) in this survey because their p-values ( Sig. ) are less than alpha value 0.05. From the multiple arrested development analysis, occupation security, chances for promotion and development and work itself are the of import motive factors that affect the occupation satisfaction among insurance agents in Malaysia. Among these IVs, work itself is the strongest determiner. However, the independent variable ( committee wage ) is non significantly foretelling the dependant variable ( occupation satisfaction ) . This is because committee wage ( p=0.109 ) is more than the alpha value 0.05. Therefore, a multiple additive arrested development is formed by utilizing the information from the column headed â€Å" B † shown in the tabular array 4.15 above. The arrested development equation is as below: Job satisfaction = 0.350 + 0.069 committee wage + 0.158 occupation security + 0.130 chances for promotion and development + 0.562 work itself 4.4 Decision Three independent variables ( occupation security, chances for promotion and development and work itself ) for this research are found to hold important relationship with the independent variable ( occupation satisfaction ) . However, the independent variable ( committee wage ) is non important relationship with the dependant variable ( occupation satisfaction ) . Consequences of the analysis and back uping grounds for the consequences are being discussed in the undermentioned chapter. How to cite Study Of Demographic Profile Of The Respondents Accounting Essay, Essay examples

Impact of Teratogens on Development

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Teratogens on Development. Answer: Introduction Teratogens refer to any given exposures which lead to harm to any foetuses and even to babies still undergoing breastfeeding. Therefore, teratogens can include alcohol, prescribed and non-prescribed medications, vaccines, different illnesses, illegal drugs, exposures from the environment, and even autoimmune disorders within the mother (Xing et al, 2015). Teratogens can cross the mothers placenta and lead to effects on the foetus including congenital malformations, several disease conditions, cognitive malfunctions and even foetal death. Therefore, it is very important for mothers to stay away from these teratogens so as ensure that their babies can be protected from their harmful effects. Each woman is at a 3-5% risk of bearing with any given birth defect (Hart, 2014). Studies indicate that some teratogens as those listed above increase this particular risk depending on the time of pregnancy that the woman is exposed, the dose levels of the exposure, and even the particular exposure route (Odibo Krantz, 2016). Clinical researches on teratogens indicate that approximately 25% of all pregnancies mostly end up in miscarriage. However, the risk of having a miscarriage drops from 25% to 10% in the eighth week of pregnancy. Even so, several teratogens increase this particular risk (Xing et al, 2015). This depends only depends on the type and/or the amount of the exposure, and also the time of the pregnancy. It is very obvious that teratogens will always be within the environment. Even so, they cannot be a threat to the unborn babies if only mothers understand what they are and gets rid of each of them (Nazeer et al, 2015). This discussion will present different effects of teratogens on unborn babies according to different researches focused on this particular area of studies. Congenital Malformations Abnormal embryo development including congenital malformations leading to birth defects is studied under an area known as teratology. The anatomical and/or structural abnormalities present in babies at birth but can still remain undetected until later in ones life. Malformations due to teratogens can be visible on the body surface and even on the internal viscera of affected babies (Odibo Krantz, 2016). Congenital malformations are believed to contribute to about 20% of all deaths during the perinatal period. About 3% of all new-born infants have very major malformations while another 3% will most likely be diagnosed with malformations later in their lives. Congenital malformations can be caused by different factors and these include; genetic factors due to abnormalities in chromosomes and gene defects; factors in the environment such as drugs, infectious disease, mechanical forces and toxins; and further, multifactorial disease condition. These malformations can be single or multiple in a baby and therefore have a major and/or minor clinical significance. It is indicated in several studies that minor malformations present in about 14% new-borns worldwide (Odibo Krantz, 2016). Minor malformations have little clinical consequences and include features like simian creases and ear tags. However, particular minor malformations can suggest that there is a possibility of a baby developing a major malformation. Finding a single umbilical artery for example, suggests that there is a high likelihood of congenital heart problems in the given child. The higher the number of malformations in both born and unborn babies the higher the possibility of a major related malformation. Apparently, the higher the number of very major malformations in foetuses, the higher the possibility of a miscarriage and a shortened individual life span. Alcohol Effects Birth defects and miscarriage risk varies among pregnant women depending on the alcohol amounts that they consume individually. It is indicated that between small and moderate alcohol amounts like say 2-4 frequent drinks result to a condition known as Fetal Alcohol Effect (Myra et al, 2016). This effect increases miscarriage risk levels among pregnant women, delays in fetal development and a hyperactive fetus. On the other hand heavy alcohol users who take between 5 and 6 frequent drinks result to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. This syndrome according to the journal by Myra et al (2016), increases the miscarriage risk even more, leading to a micro-cephalous condition where a baby has; a head that is small in size with facial deformations, small eyes, nose, nails, abnormalities on the ears, heart defects, difficulties in learning, problems in behavior, mental retardation among others (Hart, 2014). Therefore, alcohol remains the commonest teratogen that affects fetuses. As the mother drinks a lcohol, she passes on to the unborn baby. This is why babies that are born from such mothers present with symptoms that relate to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Faure et al, 2016). They are in most cases mentally challenged, impaired cognitively apart from other physical deformities. These children also find difficulty in communicating with people and usually present with a low and/or poor attention span. Such babies find it difficult functioning properly in any given society and therefore need a constant attention by their primary caregivers. Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking is another type of common teratogens. Women who smoke more than others have a higher risk of miscarriages. Cigarette smoking contributes to stillbirth where babies are born when they are already dead (Szatkowski, McNeill, 2014). Others are born with below average weight while others are born prematurely. Research indicates that due to delicate handling in incubators for babies born prematurely, there is a high mortality possibility especially in developing countries where there is poor medical infrastructure. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) also results from cigarette smoking among pregnant mothers(Nevenka Nikola, 2014). It is a condition where the effects of the teratogen lead to a sudden death of infants born to smoker mothers. Just like other teratogens, cigarette smoking also leads to; delays in the development of the fetus, a 1% risk of cleft palate where a baby is born with a hole at the roof of its mouth, and further a failure to thrive for among infant s (Szatkowski, McNeill, 2014). It is estimated that smoking above cigarette packs each day among pregnant mothers puts them in a group of those with increased risk of its effects. It is even advised that no one should be allowed to smoke in areas where there are newborns and/or young infants. Direct contact with tobacco smoke and second-hand smoke contact affects a mothers placenta and with extension, the embryo. This thus leads to developmental issues to the placenta resulting in foetal problems. Accutane refers to a retinoic acid which is administered as pill for the treatment of severe acne. This particular medication is very dangerous to pregnant mothers because between 25 and 38% infants exposed to it during the first trimester eventually exhibit a number of abnormalities(Mburia-Mwalili Yang, 2015). These include; developing hydrocephalus condition where the fetus has excess fluid in its brain, defects in the brain, retarded brain development, abnormalities on the ears and face (Hart, 2014). Other effects of Accutane use among pregnant mothers include abnormalities on the heart and the limbs; and chronic lesions on the skin. Even further, there is an increase in the risk of miscarriages, cleft lip and/or palate in babies. Pregnant mothers are often exposed to different antibiotics which are mostly safe in nature. However, there are documented exceptions. For example, antibiotics such as aminoglycosides which are used in the treatment of severe infections pose a 2% increase in the risk of hearing impairment among babies born to these mothers (Bastow Holmes, 2016). Other antibiotics such as Tetracycline and Doxycycline are capable of causing yellow-brown stains on the teeth of the unborn babies when taken up between the 4th an 9th pregnancy month. The latter two antibiotics if used during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy can result to a decreased growth rate of bones of the fetus (Mburia-Mwalili Yang, 2015). They should also not be used especially when mothers are breastfeeding. The Varicella Virus which causes chicken pox is also among the most dreaded teratogen. It is a common air borne disease which can spread very easily from an infected person to a healthy person (Bastow Holmes, 2016). Despite the short term effect of the Virus on adults, it is very dangerous to unborn babies. This is because it leads to mental retardation, small-head head condition and a low birth weight. Antidepressants have been associated with causing approximately 1% increase in the risk of learning difficulties. They also result into mild and moderate withdrawal symptoms after birth. This effect is however temporary and usually the baby tends to be unexpectedly irritable, present with problems when feeding, and proves difficult to sooth (Faure et al, 2016). Antidepressants also lead to premature delivery despite the fact that their benefits to a pregnant mother outweigh the different risks posed to the fetus. This is because research in maternal and child healthcare show that stress among pregnant mothers pose many problems to the unborn baby. There is further documentation that post-partum depression among mothers can even be worse and therefore the need to prescribe some anti-depressants. Radiations and Heavy Metals Ionizing radiations are capable of injuring the developing embryo as it causes cell death and/or injury to chromosomes. However, the severity of the damage to foetus/embryo is determined by the amount of the dose absorbed. The stage of foetal development at when the exposure to radiations occurs is also important (Faure et al, 2016). A study done among the survivors of the atomic bomb in Japan indicated that an exposure of between 10 and 18 weeks of a pregnancy associated with the greatest sensitivity particularly for a developing brain (Nazeer et al, 2015). Today, there is still no proof that congenital malformations in humans are caused by the normal diagnostic radiation levels (Backes et al, 2013). Even so, efforts are continually made to reduce scattered radiation from the different clinical diagnostic procedures including x-rays which are not near a womans. It is indicated that the standard radiation dose used in diagnostic x-ray gives out a very minimal risk to a developing foe tus. Despite that, all women within the childbearing age must be asked to indicate whether they are carrying a pregnancy before being exposed to radiation. Teratogen heavy metals include Lead and Mercury, which are both also carcinogenic in nature. Exposing mothers to lead to pregnant mothers bring about babies being born with disorders which are mental and cognitive in nature (Nazeer et al, 2015). Lead exposure can be acquired from Lead based paints, jewellery cleaning solutions, metals, Lead toys and batteries. Mercury on the other hand comprises of the most dreaded substance with proven drastic impact on the fetus (Nevenka Nikola, 2014). Those mothers exposed to the harmful substance usually have babies that are born presenting with serious anomalies including; physical abnormalities, mental malfunctions and fetal death. Sources of Mercury exposure include touching broken thermometers and fluorescent lamps (Linnard-Palmer, 2016). Foods such like the Tuna and swordfishes also contain minimal levels of Mercury and should not be consumed by pregnant mothers. Thalidomide, a common but yet effective tranquilizer, still remains one of the common teratogens. Thalidomide agent as a tranquilizer was used widely in 1959 particularly in Europe and resulted to about 7000 babies being born with condition referred to as thalidomide syndrome/meromelia (Nevenka Nikola, 2014). The syndrome presented with characteristic features such as limb abnormalities which ranged from the absence of limbs to development of rudimentary limbs to limbs that were abnormally shortened. Further, thalidomide as described by Hart (2014), leads to malformations of more other body organs such as; internal/external ear absence and congenital heart disease. In conclusion therefore, the discussion above highlights the different effects of identified teratogens in the environment to the unborn baby. The discussion defines each teratogen and generally shows that all of them can easily be found in a lot of things that pregnant mothers interact with every day. They are thus drugs, chemicals or infections that may lead abnormalities on the embryo. Each teratogen including alcohol, tobacco, ironizing radiations, chicken pox among others discussed has its own effect on a pregnant mother and the baby during and after pregnancy. Even so it is clear that a number of the teratogens discussed effect the unborn embryo during particular times of a womans pregnancy. There is thus a need to prevent teratogens as they have been proven to be difficult to predict and even manage those that could the largest damage to the embryo. References Thall Bastow BD, Holmes JL (23 February 2016). "Teratology and drug use during pregnancy". Medscape. WebMD. Backes, CH; Nelin, T; Gorr, MW; Wold, LE (Jan 10, 2013). "Early life exposure to air pollution: how bad is it?". Toxicology letters. 216 (1): 4753. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.007. D, S., B, M., Nazeer, S., Manivannan, G. (2015). Pattern Of Babies With Congenital Malformations Admitted In A Tertiary Newborn Care Unit. Journal Of Evolution Of Medical And Dental Sciences, 4(36), 6167-6171. Faure, C., Thapar, N., Di Lorenzo, C. (2016). Pediatric Neurogastroenterology (1st ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Hart, J. (2014). The American Medical Association. Catholic Social Science Review, 19, 287-294. Hedequist, D., Heyworth, B. (2016). Pediatric femur fractures. New York: Springer. Issue Information. (2014). Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental And Reproductive Toxicology, 101(6), i-iv. Linnard-Palmer.,. (2016). Safe Maternity and Pediatric Care. F.A. Davis Company. Masson, J., Dickens, J. (2014). Protecting Unborn and Newborn Babies. Child Abuse Review, 24(2), 107-119. Mburia-Mwalili, A., Yang, W. (2015). Interpregnancy interval and birth defects. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical And Molecular Teratology, 103(11), 904-912. Myra, S., Ravndal, E., Torsteinsson, V., Wiig, E. (2016). Pregnant substance-abusing women in involuntary treatment: Attachment experiences with the unborn child. Nordic Studies On Alcohol And Drugs, 33(3). Nevenka, V., Nikola, K. (2014). Genotoxicological Effects of Heavy Metals on Humans Cells. American Journal Of Environmental Protection, 2(4), 71-73. Odibo, A., Krantz, D. (2016). Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis, An Issue of the Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences. Xing, J., Toh, Y., Xu, S., Yu, H. (2015). Erratum: Corrigendum: A method for human teratogen detection by geometrically confined cell differentiation and migration. Scientific Reports, 5(1). Szatkowski, L., McNeill, A. (2014). Diverging Trends in Smoking Behaviors According to Mental Health Status. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 17(3), 356-360.