Product Management Using Boston Matrix Tool With Product...

Product Management Using Boston Matrix Tool with Product Life Cycle Management INTRODUCTION: Oil and gas theft and spillage along pipelines are caused by two major phenomena: damages and ruptures. However, pipeline damages are mainly due to sabotage. Due to diminished pipeline and aging process of the pipes there will be ruptures in pipeline. In Nigeria oil and gas theft and spillage occurs due to a number of causes which include corrosion of pipeline and tankers, sabotage, oil production operations and insufficient or non-functional production equipment. Pipeline rupture is caused due to â€Å"very old and lack regular inspection and maintenance†.As a result it is causing environmental pollution and wastage of resources. To over come this problem an Engineering Systems Development Company called Abuja Energy Surveillance (AES) Ltd has developed a new oil and gas pipeline monitoring system using drones and Geographic Information System. By using Boston Matrix the company has planned 10 year strategic market share plan that focuses on making the system a market dominant in energy security and environment pollution management for oil and gas industry sector in many countries. Boston Matrix: â€Å"It was developed by the Boston Consulting Group; it is a tool that allows classifying and evaluating the products and services of a business†. By using Boston Matrix a company can decide what planning should be made in order to balance the activities of a company. Purpose of BCG matrix is toShow MoreRelated1. Critically Analyse the Relative Merits of the Strategic Marketing Planning Tools Offered by the Boston Consulting Group770 Words   |  4 Pages1. Critically analyse the relative merits of the strategic marketing planning tools offered by Porter, the Boston Consulting Group and Ansoff. Use a different marketing example for each tool to illustrate your understanding. 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The Science of Mind and Behaviour - 1000 Words

They have a duty of care and a legal obligation to abide by human right laws, introduced to ensure people had protection, equal living standards and opportunity. The Equality Act 2010 was introduced to make sure disabled people were not discriminated against and were provided additional support if needed. Also, The Race Relation Act 1976 which promotes fairness, equal opportunity and ensured people were not discriminated against due to skin colour. These laws and others help ensure rights are protected and fairness, dignity and freedom is granted to all. People treat others differently for lots of reasons. They could be insecure about themselves so by being mean it can†¦show more content†¦This behaviour can intensify into prejudice, hate crime or violence, such as, the Stephen Lawrence case (Police, no date). People stereotype for various reasons, such as feeling intimidated, scared or annoyed, but this can then reflect in behaviour, such as avoiding them. Fear is heightened by the media using negative publicity, which may not be totally accurate, to aid sales or make opposition governments appear better by scapegoating, blaming vulnerable people for their own mistakes, such as high unemployment levels due to immigrants taking all the jobs, when in fact they create jobs (Legrain, 2007). Adorno et al. believed prejudice stemmed from personality types. He gave the authoritarian personality name to those who were respectful to like-minded individuals but hostile and aggressive towards people with differences, such as Nazi’s and their treatment of Jews. These people were raised to traditional, strict boundaries and punished for lack of obedience. They themselves are unwilling to accept change, having acquired regimental manners and an attitude in which everything is either ‘right or wrong’. It is believed they take out their frustration and anger, from their harsh upbringing, on the weak and those they considered inferior. 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Study Of Demographic Profile Of The Respondents Accounting Essay Free Essays

string(67) " hard is because I ‘m afraid to loss this stable occupation\." In this chapter, consequence is obtained through the informations aggregation method from 300 questionnaires. The informations obtained from questionnaires are analyzed and computed by utilizing the Statistical Package societal Science ( SPSS ) package. Tables and charts will be exhibited to show the consequences in an apprehensible mode. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Of Demographic Profile Of The Respondents Accounting Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This chapter started off with the descriptive analysis of the respondent demographic profile and cardinal inclinations measuring of concepts. Next, scale measuring is to supply the consequences of dependability trial. This is followed by the illative analysis with the Pearson correlativity coefficient analysis and multiple additive arrested development analysis. Last is to reason this chapter. 4.1 Descriptive Analysis 4.1.1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents Table 4.1: Gender of Respondents Gender Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Male 105 51.7 51.7 51.7 Female 98 48.3 48.3 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research In the Table 4.1 above, it showed the frequence and per centum of gender of 203 respondents. There were a sum of 105 male respondents ( 51.7 % ) and a sum of 98 female respondents ( 48.3 % ) . Table 4.2: The Age Group of Respondents Age Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Under 21 old ages 5 2.5 2.5 2.5 21-30 old ages 67 33.0 33.0 35.5 31-40 old ages 54 26.6 26.6 62.1 41-50 old ages 31 15.3 15.3 77.3 51 old ages A ; above 46 22.7 22.7 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research Table 4.2 presented the frequence and per centum of the age group of respondents. 5 respondents ( 2.5 % ) were under 21 old ages old, 67 respondents ( 33.0 % ) were 21 to 30 old ages old, 54 respondents ( 26.6 % ) were 31 to 40 old ages old, 31 respondents ( 15.3 % ) were 41 to 50 old ages old and 46 respondents ( 22.7 % ) were 51 old ages old and above. Table 4.3: The Marital Status of Respondents Marital Status Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Single 73 36.0 36.0 36.0 Married 130 64.0 64.0 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research The Table 4.3 indicated the frequence and per centum of the matrimonial position of respondents. The bulk of the respondents were married which represented 64.0 % that is about 130 people out of 203 respondents. Besides that, 73 respondents ( 36.0 % ) were still individual. Table 4.4: The Education Level of Respondents Education Degree Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Primary instruction 8 3.9 3.9 3.9 Secondary instruction 77 37.9 37.9 41.9 Certificate / Diploma 80 39.4 39.4 81.3 Bachelor ‘s grade 33 16.3 16.3 97.5 Master ‘s grade 5 2.5 2.5 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research From the Table 4.4, it showed the frequence and per centum of the instruction degree of respondents. From the information above, bulk of 80 respondents held a certification or sheepskin ( 39.4 % ) . The 2nd and 3rd largest groups were 77 respondents who had completed the secondary instruction ( 37.9 % ) and 33 respondents who held a unmarried man grade ( 16.3 % ) . Last, the respondents who had completed the primary instruction and which is a maestro grade holders were 8 people ( 3.9 % ) and 5 people ( 2.5 % ) severally. Table 4.5: The Working Period of Respondents Working Time period Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Less than 1 twelvemonth 23 11.3 11.3 11.3 1-5 old ages 63 31.0 31.0 42.4 6-10 old ages 48 23.6 23.6 66.0 11-15 old ages 25 12.3 12.3 78.3 16-20 old ages 19 9.4 9.4 87.7 Above 20 old ages 25 12.3 12.3 100.0 Entire 203 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Developed for the research The Table 4.5 represented the frequence and per centum of the on the job period of respondents. The respondents were divided into six classs. 23 respondents worked as an insurance agent for less than one twelvemonth ( 11.3 % ) , 63 respondents worked for 1 to 5 old ages ( 31.0 % ) , 48 respondents worked for 6 to 10 old ages ( 23.6 % ) , 25 respondents worked for 11 to 15 old ages ( 12.3 % ) , 19 respondents worked for 16 to 20 old ages ( 9.4 % ) and 25 respondents worked as an insurance agent above 20 old ages ( 12.3 % ) . 4.1.2 Cardinal Tendencies Measurement of Constructs 4.1.2.1 Commission Pay Table 4.6: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Commission Pay No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation CP1 I think the committee wage is a really of import incentive for me. 4.3448 0.75078 CP2 I am motivated by committee wage to seek my best attempts in work. 4.2562 0.73350 CP3 My occupation public presentation determine the extra committee wage when achieve higher mark. 4.2808 0.81141 CP4 I will retain the occupation because I am satisfied with the committee wage. 4.0985 0.85025 CP5 I work hard is to acquire a better committee wage in this occupation. 4.3005 0.78561 Beginning: Developed for the research Table 4.6 illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of committee wage. Mentioning to the tabular array above, most respondents agreed to the CP1 with average value of 4.3448. The 2nd highest was CP5 with average value of 4.3005. The 3rd and 4th highest were CP3 and CP2 which had the average value of 4.2808 and 4.2562 severally. The lowest average value was CP4 which was 4.0985. From the tabular array above, CP4 had highest standard divergence value which was 0.85025. The 2nd and 3rd highest standard divergence value was CP3 and CP5 which had 0.81141 and 0.78561 severally. The 4th highest standard divergence was CP1 with the value of 0.75078. The lowest standard divergence value was 0.73350 by CP2. 4.1.2.2 Job Security Table 4.7: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Job Security No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation JSM1 I think occupation security is another of import incentive for me. 4.1232 0.68188 JSM2 I am motivated by the good occupation security in current occupation. 3.9852 0.74779 JSM3 I feel my current occupation is unafraid, dependable and lasting. 3.9951 0.82951 JSM4 My occupation public presentation is influenced by the occupation security. 4.0000 0.79603 JSM5 I work hard is because I ‘m afraid to loss this stable occupation. You read "Study Of Demographic Profile Of The Respondents Accounting Essay" in category "Essay examples" 3.7143 1.00845 Beginning: Developed for the research The Table 4.7 illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of occupation security. The consequence from the tabular array above, JSM1 had the highest average value of 4.1232. The 2nd highest average value was JSM4 which was 4.000. The 3rd highest was JSM3 with the average value of 3.9951 which was followed by JSM2 which had a average value of 3.9852. The JSM5 had the lowest average value of 3.7143. Harmonizing to the Table 4.7, the JSM5 had the highest standard divergence value of 1.00845. The 2nd highest standard divergence value was JSM3 which was 0.82951. The 3rd highest was JSM4 with the standard divergence value of 0.79603 which was followed by JSM2 which had a standard divergence value of 0.74779. The lowest standard divergence value was JSM1 which was merely 0.68188. 4.1.2.3 Opportunities for Advancement and Development Table 4.8: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Opportunities for Advancement and Development No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation AD1 I think the chances for promotion and development is another of import incentive for me. 4.1034 0.79238 AD2 I am motivated by chances for promotion and development in current occupation. 4.0443 0.75321 AD3 I have more chances for promotion and development in current occupation if I retain the occupation for longer period of clip. 4.0936 0.78734 AD4 I have more chances to direct for preparation, learn accomplishment and developing myself in current occupation. 4.1084 0.81330 AD5 I work hard is to acquire more chances for promotion and development in this occupation. 4.1675 0.74563 Beginning: Developed for the research Table 4.8 illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of chances for promotion and development. In the term of average value, AD5 had the highest mean of 4.1675. Second, it is followed by AD4 of 4.1084, AD1 of 4.1034 and AD3 of 4.0936. The AD2 had the lowest average value of 4.0443. From the Table 4.8, the AD4 had the highest standard divergence value of 0.81330. Second, it is followed by AD1 with the standard divergence value of 0.79238, AD3 with the standard divergence value of 0.78734 and AD2 with the standard divergence value of 0.75321. The lowest standard divergence value was 0.74563 by AD5. 4.1.2.4 Work Itself Table 4.9: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Work Itself No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation W1 I have more independent when I ‘m working. 4.1724 0.78654 W2 I have more assurance to accomplish the mark of the occupation. 4.2217 0.75461 W3 I am willing to work hard with current occupation. 4.2069 0.72886 W4 I am non willing to alter another occupation even if I get other occupation in elsewhere. 3.8227 0.98909 W5 I think my ability can execute good in current occupation. 4.1527 0.75211 W6 I am proud to work with current occupation. 4.2020 0.77944 Beginning: Developed for the research The Table 4.9 above, it illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of work itself. Based on the tabular array, W2 had the highest average value of 4.2217. The 2nd highest was W3 that had 4.2069 of average value. The 3rd highest was the W6 that had 4.2020 of mean value which was followed by, the W1 and W5 which had the average value of 4.1724 and 4.1527 severally. The W4 had the lowest average value was 3.8227. In the tabular array above, the highest standard divergence value was 0.98909 by the W4. The 2nd highest standard divergence value was W1 which was 0.78654. The 3rd highest standard divergence value was the W6 that had 0.77944 which was followed by, the W2 and W5 which had the standard divergence value of 0.75461 and 0.75211 severally. The lowest standard divergence value was W3 which was 0.72886. 4.1.2.5 Job Satisfaction Table 4.10: Cardinal Inclinations Measurement for Job Satisfaction No. Statement Mean Standard Deviation JS1 In general I am satisfied with my occupation. 4.1330 0.74265 JS2 I am satisfied with the flexibleness of the on the job hours in current occupation. 4.3054 0.68601 JS3 I am satisfied with the committee wage strategy in current occupation. 4.0394 0.78250 JS4 I will retain the occupation because I am satisfied with the occupation security. 4.0148 0.74779 JS5 I am satisfied with the accomplishment in current occupation. 4.0591 0.78125 JS6 I am happy with the manner my co-workers and higher-ups treat me. 4.0936 0.79982 JS7 I am truly enjoyed with my occupation. 4.2266 0.81925 Beginning: Developed for the research Harmonizing to Table 4.10, it illustrated the cardinal inclinations measurings of occupation satisfaction. Based on the tabular array, most respondents agreed to the JS2 with average value of 4.3054. The 2nd highest was JS7 that had 4.2266 of average value. The 3rd and 4th highest average value was JS1 and JS6 which is 4.1330 and 4.0936 severally. The 5th highest was JS5 with the average value of 4.0591 which was followed by JS3 which had a average value of 4.0394. The lowest average value was the JS4 which was merely 4.0148. In the term of standard divergence value, JS7 had the highest standard divergence of 0.81925. Following, it is followed by JS6 of 0.79982, JS3 of 0.78250, JS5 of 0.78125 and JS4 of 0.74779. The two lowest standard divergence values were JS1 of 0.74265 and JS2 of 0.68601. 4.2 Scale Measurement 4.2.1 Internal Reliability Test Table 4.11: Reliability Statistic Variable Cronbach ‘s Alpha N of Items CP 0.881 5 JSM 0.805 5 Ad 0.911 5 Tungsten 0.899 6 Joule 0.901 7 Beginning: Developed for the research The dependability trial is test the consistence and truth of the IVs and DV which the credence degree of cronbach ‘s alpha more than 0.70. Based on the Table 4.11, the highest cronbach ‘s alpha is chances for promotion and development standing at 0.911. The 2nd highest is occupation satisfaction which the cronbach ‘s alpha is 0.901 followed by committee wage and work itself which the cronbach ‘s alpha are 0.899 and 0.881. The lowest cronbach ‘s alpha is occupation security standing at 0.805. From the consequence, overall the cronbach ‘s alpha for all variable are more than 0.70. Therefore, the questionnaire in this research is dependability and consistence. 4.2.2 Normality Test The trial of normalcy, histogram with normal curve, P-P secret plan and spread secret plan diagram are being used to demo the normal distribution of informations. Table 4.12: Trials of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Standardized Residual .055 203 .200* .988 203 .091 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction * . This is a lower edge of the true significance. Beginning: Developed for the research This research uses 203 study questionnaires which the sample size is more than 50. Therefore, Kolmogorov-Smirnov ‘s trial is usage for proving the normalcy as it is used to analyze larger sample size ( n gt ; 50 ) . Based on the Table 4.12, the important value of Kolmogorov-Smirnov ‘s trial is equal to 0.200, which is more than 0.05. Thence, as the normalcy premise is achieved, the informations can be assumed to be usually distributed. Besides, based on the Appendix G, the histogram with normal distribution curve of trade name trueness demoing a sensible bell-shaped and therefore the informations can be assumed to be usually distributed. In add-on, from the Appendix F, the normal chance secret plan of trade name prevarications near to the fanciful heterosexual line which is lifting from the lower-left corner to the upper right corner and demo an upward incline of the graph. This can connote that the informations can be assumed to be usually distributed. 4.2.3 Multicollinearity Test Based on the Table 4.14, the correlativity coefficient between IVs were 0.581 for CP and JSM, 0.496 for CP and AD, 0.528 for CP and W, 0.604 for JSM and AD, 0.612 for JSM and W, and 0.657 for AD and W. Therefore, these correlativity coefficients are high between IVs but there is no multicollinearity job since they are all less than 0.8 in this research ( Field, 2005 ) . Furthermore, harmonizing to Table 4.13 the tolerance and VIF value for CP ( 0.606 1.650 ) , JSM ( 0.493 2.029 ) , AD ( .497 2.013 ) and W ( .478 2.094 ) are more than 0.1 and less than 10 severally in the multicollinearity statistics. Hence, multicollinearity job do non show in this research ( Hair et al. , 1992 ) . Table 4.13: Multicollinearity Model Collinearity Statisticss Tolerance VIF CP_Average .606 1.650 JSM_Average .493 2.029 AD_Average .497 2.013 W_Average .478 2.094 Beginning: Developed for the research 4.3 Inferential Analysis 4.3.1 Pearson ‘s Correlation Analysis Table 4.14: Pearson ‘s Correlation Analysis CP JSM Ad Tungsten Joule Commsion Pay ( CP ) 1 Job Security ( JSM ) .581** 1 Opportunities for Advancement and Development ( AD ) .496** .604** 1 Work Itself ( W ) .528** .612** .657** 1 Job Satisfaction ( JS ) .557** .659** .674** .836** 1 ** . Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . Beginning: Developed for the research By implementing Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Table 4.14 illustrates the consequences of the correlativity analysis of the four independent variables ( CP, JSM, AD and W ) and one dependant variable ( JS ) . The consequence from Table 4.14 shows that p-value of committee wage is 0.000 which is less than the significance value 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) and the R value is 0.557. Therefore, the analysis consequence concludes that committee wage is moderate positive correlated with occupation satisfaction. For occupation security variable, the p-value is 0.000 which is lower than the significance value 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) and the R value is 0.659 which indicates there is moderate positive relationship between occupation security and occupation satisfaction. In the Table 4.14, the p-value of chances for promotion and development is 0.000 ( P lt ; 0.01 ) and the R value is 0.674. Hence, the chance for promotion and development is moderate positive correlated with occupation satisfaction. As shown in the Table 4.14, the p-value of work itself is 0.00 which is lower than the significance value 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) and the R value is 0.836. As a consequence, the work itself has high positive relationship with occupation satisfaction. 4.3.2 Multiple Regression Analysis Table 4.15: Multiple Regression Analysis Independent Variables Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t-value Sig. Bacillus Beta Changeless .350 2.069 .040 Commission Pay .069 .074 1.610 .109 Job Security .158 .160 3.154 .002 Opportunities for Advancement and Development .130 .143 2.834 .005 Work Itself .562 .605 11.724 .000 R2 .748 Adjusted R2 .743 F 147.264** Beginning: Developed for the research From table 4.15 above, shows that the correlativity coefficient, R= 0.864, means that there is a positive correlativity between the four independent variables and dependent variable. The value of R Square is 0.748 which indicates that 74.8 % of the discrepancy in the dependant variable ( occupation satisfaction ) is explained by the 4 independent variables ( committee wage, occupation security, chances for promotion and development, and work itself ) . However, it is still leaves 25.2 % of occupation satisfaction is explained by other factors in this survey. Furthermore, harmonizing to table above, p-value ( Sig. 0.000 ) is less than alpha value 0.05, therefore, the F- statistic which equals to 147.204 is important. That mean this theoretical account is a good form for the relation between the residuary and forecasters. Therefore, the independent variables ( committee wage, occupation security, chances for promotion and development, and work itself ) are significantly explicating the discrepancy in the occupation satisfaction among insurance agents. Since the p-value is less than 0.05 and is in the cull part which H0 is rejected. Harmonizing to Table 4.15, occupation security ( p=0.002 ) , chances for promotion and development ( p= 0.005 ) , work itself ( p lt ; 0.001 ) are important to foretell the dependant variable ( occupation satisfaction ) in this survey because their p-values ( Sig. ) are less than alpha value 0.05. From the multiple arrested development analysis, occupation security, chances for promotion and development and work itself are the of import motive factors that affect the occupation satisfaction among insurance agents in Malaysia. Among these IVs, work itself is the strongest determiner. However, the independent variable ( committee wage ) is non significantly foretelling the dependant variable ( occupation satisfaction ) . This is because committee wage ( p=0.109 ) is more than the alpha value 0.05. Therefore, a multiple additive arrested development is formed by utilizing the information from the column headed â€Å" B † shown in the tabular array 4.15 above. The arrested development equation is as below: Job satisfaction = 0.350 + 0.069 committee wage + 0.158 occupation security + 0.130 chances for promotion and development + 0.562 work itself 4.4 Decision Three independent variables ( occupation security, chances for promotion and development and work itself ) for this research are found to hold important relationship with the independent variable ( occupation satisfaction ) . However, the independent variable ( committee wage ) is non important relationship with the dependant variable ( occupation satisfaction ) . Consequences of the analysis and back uping grounds for the consequences are being discussed in the undermentioned chapter. How to cite Study Of Demographic Profile Of The Respondents Accounting Essay, Essay examples

Impact of Teratogens on Development

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Teratogens on Development. Answer: Introduction Teratogens refer to any given exposures which lead to harm to any foetuses and even to babies still undergoing breastfeeding. Therefore, teratogens can include alcohol, prescribed and non-prescribed medications, vaccines, different illnesses, illegal drugs, exposures from the environment, and even autoimmune disorders within the mother (Xing et al, 2015). Teratogens can cross the mothers placenta and lead to effects on the foetus including congenital malformations, several disease conditions, cognitive malfunctions and even foetal death. Therefore, it is very important for mothers to stay away from these teratogens so as ensure that their babies can be protected from their harmful effects. Each woman is at a 3-5% risk of bearing with any given birth defect (Hart, 2014). Studies indicate that some teratogens as those listed above increase this particular risk depending on the time of pregnancy that the woman is exposed, the dose levels of the exposure, and even the particular exposure route (Odibo Krantz, 2016). Clinical researches on teratogens indicate that approximately 25% of all pregnancies mostly end up in miscarriage. However, the risk of having a miscarriage drops from 25% to 10% in the eighth week of pregnancy. Even so, several teratogens increase this particular risk (Xing et al, 2015). This depends only depends on the type and/or the amount of the exposure, and also the time of the pregnancy. It is very obvious that teratogens will always be within the environment. Even so, they cannot be a threat to the unborn babies if only mothers understand what they are and gets rid of each of them (Nazeer et al, 2015). This discussion will present different effects of teratogens on unborn babies according to different researches focused on this particular area of studies. Congenital Malformations Abnormal embryo development including congenital malformations leading to birth defects is studied under an area known as teratology. The anatomical and/or structural abnormalities present in babies at birth but can still remain undetected until later in ones life. Malformations due to teratogens can be visible on the body surface and even on the internal viscera of affected babies (Odibo Krantz, 2016). Congenital malformations are believed to contribute to about 20% of all deaths during the perinatal period. About 3% of all new-born infants have very major malformations while another 3% will most likely be diagnosed with malformations later in their lives. Congenital malformations can be caused by different factors and these include; genetic factors due to abnormalities in chromosomes and gene defects; factors in the environment such as drugs, infectious disease, mechanical forces and toxins; and further, multifactorial disease condition. These malformations can be single or multiple in a baby and therefore have a major and/or minor clinical significance. It is indicated in several studies that minor malformations present in about 14% new-borns worldwide (Odibo Krantz, 2016). Minor malformations have little clinical consequences and include features like simian creases and ear tags. However, particular minor malformations can suggest that there is a possibility of a baby developing a major malformation. Finding a single umbilical artery for example, suggests that there is a high likelihood of congenital heart problems in the given child. The higher the number of malformations in both born and unborn babies the higher the possibility of a major related malformation. Apparently, the higher the number of very major malformations in foetuses, the higher the possibility of a miscarriage and a shortened individual life span. Alcohol Effects Birth defects and miscarriage risk varies among pregnant women depending on the alcohol amounts that they consume individually. It is indicated that between small and moderate alcohol amounts like say 2-4 frequent drinks result to a condition known as Fetal Alcohol Effect (Myra et al, 2016). This effect increases miscarriage risk levels among pregnant women, delays in fetal development and a hyperactive fetus. On the other hand heavy alcohol users who take between 5 and 6 frequent drinks result to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. This syndrome according to the journal by Myra et al (2016), increases the miscarriage risk even more, leading to a micro-cephalous condition where a baby has; a head that is small in size with facial deformations, small eyes, nose, nails, abnormalities on the ears, heart defects, difficulties in learning, problems in behavior, mental retardation among others (Hart, 2014). Therefore, alcohol remains the commonest teratogen that affects fetuses. As the mother drinks a lcohol, she passes on to the unborn baby. This is why babies that are born from such mothers present with symptoms that relate to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Faure et al, 2016). They are in most cases mentally challenged, impaired cognitively apart from other physical deformities. These children also find difficulty in communicating with people and usually present with a low and/or poor attention span. Such babies find it difficult functioning properly in any given society and therefore need a constant attention by their primary caregivers. Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking is another type of common teratogens. Women who smoke more than others have a higher risk of miscarriages. Cigarette smoking contributes to stillbirth where babies are born when they are already dead (Szatkowski, McNeill, 2014). Others are born with below average weight while others are born prematurely. Research indicates that due to delicate handling in incubators for babies born prematurely, there is a high mortality possibility especially in developing countries where there is poor medical infrastructure. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) also results from cigarette smoking among pregnant mothers(Nevenka Nikola, 2014). It is a condition where the effects of the teratogen lead to a sudden death of infants born to smoker mothers. Just like other teratogens, cigarette smoking also leads to; delays in the development of the fetus, a 1% risk of cleft palate where a baby is born with a hole at the roof of its mouth, and further a failure to thrive for among infant s (Szatkowski, McNeill, 2014). It is estimated that smoking above cigarette packs each day among pregnant mothers puts them in a group of those with increased risk of its effects. It is even advised that no one should be allowed to smoke in areas where there are newborns and/or young infants. Direct contact with tobacco smoke and second-hand smoke contact affects a mothers placenta and with extension, the embryo. This thus leads to developmental issues to the placenta resulting in foetal problems. Accutane refers to a retinoic acid which is administered as pill for the treatment of severe acne. This particular medication is very dangerous to pregnant mothers because between 25 and 38% infants exposed to it during the first trimester eventually exhibit a number of abnormalities(Mburia-Mwalili Yang, 2015). These include; developing hydrocephalus condition where the fetus has excess fluid in its brain, defects in the brain, retarded brain development, abnormalities on the ears and face (Hart, 2014). Other effects of Accutane use among pregnant mothers include abnormalities on the heart and the limbs; and chronic lesions on the skin. Even further, there is an increase in the risk of miscarriages, cleft lip and/or palate in babies. Pregnant mothers are often exposed to different antibiotics which are mostly safe in nature. However, there are documented exceptions. For example, antibiotics such as aminoglycosides which are used in the treatment of severe infections pose a 2% increase in the risk of hearing impairment among babies born to these mothers (Bastow Holmes, 2016). Other antibiotics such as Tetracycline and Doxycycline are capable of causing yellow-brown stains on the teeth of the unborn babies when taken up between the 4th an 9th pregnancy month. The latter two antibiotics if used during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy can result to a decreased growth rate of bones of the fetus (Mburia-Mwalili Yang, 2015). They should also not be used especially when mothers are breastfeeding. The Varicella Virus which causes chicken pox is also among the most dreaded teratogen. It is a common air borne disease which can spread very easily from an infected person to a healthy person (Bastow Holmes, 2016). Despite the short term effect of the Virus on adults, it is very dangerous to unborn babies. This is because it leads to mental retardation, small-head head condition and a low birth weight. Antidepressants have been associated with causing approximately 1% increase in the risk of learning difficulties. They also result into mild and moderate withdrawal symptoms after birth. This effect is however temporary and usually the baby tends to be unexpectedly irritable, present with problems when feeding, and proves difficult to sooth (Faure et al, 2016). Antidepressants also lead to premature delivery despite the fact that their benefits to a pregnant mother outweigh the different risks posed to the fetus. This is because research in maternal and child healthcare show that stress among pregnant mothers pose many problems to the unborn baby. There is further documentation that post-partum depression among mothers can even be worse and therefore the need to prescribe some anti-depressants. Radiations and Heavy Metals Ionizing radiations are capable of injuring the developing embryo as it causes cell death and/or injury to chromosomes. However, the severity of the damage to foetus/embryo is determined by the amount of the dose absorbed. The stage of foetal development at when the exposure to radiations occurs is also important (Faure et al, 2016). A study done among the survivors of the atomic bomb in Japan indicated that an exposure of between 10 and 18 weeks of a pregnancy associated with the greatest sensitivity particularly for a developing brain (Nazeer et al, 2015). Today, there is still no proof that congenital malformations in humans are caused by the normal diagnostic radiation levels (Backes et al, 2013). Even so, efforts are continually made to reduce scattered radiation from the different clinical diagnostic procedures including x-rays which are not near a womans. It is indicated that the standard radiation dose used in diagnostic x-ray gives out a very minimal risk to a developing foe tus. Despite that, all women within the childbearing age must be asked to indicate whether they are carrying a pregnancy before being exposed to radiation. Teratogen heavy metals include Lead and Mercury, which are both also carcinogenic in nature. Exposing mothers to lead to pregnant mothers bring about babies being born with disorders which are mental and cognitive in nature (Nazeer et al, 2015). Lead exposure can be acquired from Lead based paints, jewellery cleaning solutions, metals, Lead toys and batteries. Mercury on the other hand comprises of the most dreaded substance with proven drastic impact on the fetus (Nevenka Nikola, 2014). Those mothers exposed to the harmful substance usually have babies that are born presenting with serious anomalies including; physical abnormalities, mental malfunctions and fetal death. Sources of Mercury exposure include touching broken thermometers and fluorescent lamps (Linnard-Palmer, 2016). Foods such like the Tuna and swordfishes also contain minimal levels of Mercury and should not be consumed by pregnant mothers. Thalidomide, a common but yet effective tranquilizer, still remains one of the common teratogens. Thalidomide agent as a tranquilizer was used widely in 1959 particularly in Europe and resulted to about 7000 babies being born with condition referred to as thalidomide syndrome/meromelia (Nevenka Nikola, 2014). The syndrome presented with characteristic features such as limb abnormalities which ranged from the absence of limbs to development of rudimentary limbs to limbs that were abnormally shortened. Further, thalidomide as described by Hart (2014), leads to malformations of more other body organs such as; internal/external ear absence and congenital heart disease. In conclusion therefore, the discussion above highlights the different effects of identified teratogens in the environment to the unborn baby. The discussion defines each teratogen and generally shows that all of them can easily be found in a lot of things that pregnant mothers interact with every day. They are thus drugs, chemicals or infections that may lead abnormalities on the embryo. Each teratogen including alcohol, tobacco, ironizing radiations, chicken pox among others discussed has its own effect on a pregnant mother and the baby during and after pregnancy. Even so it is clear that a number of the teratogens discussed effect the unborn embryo during particular times of a womans pregnancy. There is thus a need to prevent teratogens as they have been proven to be difficult to predict and even manage those that could the largest damage to the embryo. References Thall Bastow BD, Holmes JL (23 February 2016). "Teratology and drug use during pregnancy". Medscape. WebMD. Backes, CH; Nelin, T; Gorr, MW; Wold, LE (Jan 10, 2013). "Early life exposure to air pollution: how bad is it?". Toxicology letters. 216 (1): 4753. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.007. D, S., B, M., Nazeer, S., Manivannan, G. (2015). Pattern Of Babies With Congenital Malformations Admitted In A Tertiary Newborn Care Unit. Journal Of Evolution Of Medical And Dental Sciences, 4(36), 6167-6171. Faure, C., Thapar, N., Di Lorenzo, C. (2016). Pediatric Neurogastroenterology (1st ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Hart, J. (2014). The American Medical Association. Catholic Social Science Review, 19, 287-294. Hedequist, D., Heyworth, B. (2016). Pediatric femur fractures. New York: Springer. Issue Information. (2014). Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental And Reproductive Toxicology, 101(6), i-iv. Linnard-Palmer.,. (2016). Safe Maternity and Pediatric Care. F.A. Davis Company. Masson, J., Dickens, J. (2014). Protecting Unborn and Newborn Babies. Child Abuse Review, 24(2), 107-119. Mburia-Mwalili, A., Yang, W. (2015). Interpregnancy interval and birth defects. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical And Molecular Teratology, 103(11), 904-912. Myra, S., Ravndal, E., Torsteinsson, V., Wiig, E. (2016). Pregnant substance-abusing women in involuntary treatment: Attachment experiences with the unborn child. Nordic Studies On Alcohol And Drugs, 33(3). Nevenka, V., Nikola, K. (2014). Genotoxicological Effects of Heavy Metals on Humans Cells. American Journal Of Environmental Protection, 2(4), 71-73. Odibo, A., Krantz, D. (2016). Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis, An Issue of the Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences. Xing, J., Toh, Y., Xu, S., Yu, H. (2015). Erratum: Corrigendum: A method for human teratogen detection by geometrically confined cell differentiation and migration. Scientific Reports, 5(1). Szatkowski, L., McNeill, A. (2014). Diverging Trends in Smoking Behaviors According to Mental Health Status. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 17(3), 356-360.

Negotiation of Disputes

Introduction Conflicts are a constant reality in our society and the effective resolution of the same may spell the difference between a successful and failed society. It is therefore imperative that the people involved in a conflict resolve the contentious issues constructively. Key to the process of conflict resolution is the use of negotiation tactics and strategies. This is because a deeper understanding of negotiation results in people getting the necessary skills required in diffusing conflicts. Knowledge of the negotiation process is therefore vital for effective conflict resolution. In this paper, I shall give a detailed description of how a merger problem can be solved through negotiation. The steps that should be followed during the negotiation shall also be discussed.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Negotiation of Disputes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Shamir (2003), claims that negotiation can be defined as a form of communication whose purpose is persuasion. The negotiation process is therefore a process by which parties to a dispute discuss possible outcomes to their conflict. The parties involved might choose to adopt one of the two fundamental negotiating approaches: Competition or collaboration. Despite the fact that the proposed merger is beneficial to both companies, we all need to protect our interest to ensure that each company remains relevant after the merger. As such, the fundamentals of negotiation that should be employed in this case are finding resolves through the interests and positions of the parties. Negotiation fundamentals employed in resolving the merger issue The competition approach of negotiation is based on opposing positions (demands), and ends up in a win-lose scenario. Hunt (2009) states that the negotiation process may be futile if a party’s wants are not fully addressed. For example General Dynamics may want a particular price, work schedule or changes in the mode of operation of Lockheed-Martin. In this case, using the demands (positions) of General Dynamics as the baseline for this negotiation would be very important. This is attributed to the fact that if General Dynamics feels like their demands (stand on the issue) have been addressed through the negotiation, they will have no choice but to sign off the merger. However, Lussier (2008) states that while using this strategy, it is always important to ensure that the negotiators demands are also addressed with little to no compromises. Being the negotiator in this case, I have to ensure that the demands of General Dynamics are addressed so that they can agree to the merger. On the other hand, I have to employ the collaborative approach which is based on common interests therefore yielding to a win-win outcome. In addition to the competition approach, I have to find the common interests between our companies and use them as leverage in pursuit of an agreement. Information is important towards a successful negotiation. All companies want to make profits, expand their market base and lower costs. As such, I would ensure that I gather as much information as possible regarding to General Dynamics’ position on these aspects. I would then use this information to present my arguments for this merger. This would ultimately lead to a unanimous consensus and ensure that the merger is a success because the common interests of both firms have been addressed. Negotiation sub processes that will help ensure a successful negotiation The first step in the negotiation process is to describe what it is that you want to negotiate (interests). This is based on the concept that negotiation involves conflicts about particular resources. General Dynamics will therefore identify if there is a situation that needs to be negotiated. Lack of an identifiable area of conflict invariably renders negotiations unnecessary. Having acknowledged the conflict, the n egotiations between General Dynamics and my company can be deemed as being ready to begin. The process ideally begins by both parties presenting their issues which are mostly in the form of demands and goals to be met. A goal is defined as a known or presumed commercial or personal interest of all or some of the parties to the negotiation and it is these goals that set the grounds for the negotiation process (Barry, Lewicki Saunders, 2010). From this an outline of expectations from the parties involved can be made and the agenda for the negotiation process outlined.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having established the basis for the negotiation, we can now delve deeper into the task. While the preliminary stage acted as ground for negotiation, the information on the issues at hand was only sparingly addressed. The second step involves a deeper probing to enable both p arties understand each other better. As such, this step is characterized by the informational exchange between the parties involved in a bid to establish the real needs and goals. Each side aims at understanding the opponent, their limits and how far they are willing to compromise so as to reach a consensus. Use of open-ended questions and allowing the other party to correct your understanding of the issue are some of the best means of ensuring that a good understanding of the issues at hand is attained. Restatement of information leads to clarity and confirmation thus assuring that communication is effective. A key element in this step is to get as much information as is possible to enable the parties to come up with as many options as are possible. It is in this stage that a person can also gain a better appreciation of the other party’s point of view. This will be hugely beneficial since once you are able to look at the conflict from the other person’s point of view , you can propose solutions that they would find appealing and therefore resolve the issue. Concession trading which is the aim of good negotiation is the next stage in negotiating. Shamir (2003) defines consensus building as a decision and agreement reached by all the identified parties. In this process, each party is required to reduce their demands or aspirations so as to accommodate the other party. Through this process, unanimous agreement over the disputed issue(s) is reached. As such, each side makes some gains and possibly some loses. Conclusion Negotiation is one of the most productive means through which disputes can be successfully resolved. An understanding of the negotiating process greatly empowers a person in his/her negotiating undertakings. In addressing the merger issue between these two companies, the key steps in the negotiation process have been outlined. While the process described herein is basic and might have to be modified to be applicable to the specific d isputes at hand, it provides a good framework for negotiation tasks. An understanding and proper implementation of these process will lead to greater success during negotiations. References Barry, B., Lewicki, R., Saunders, D. (2010). Negotiation Readings, Exercises and Cases. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hunt, P. (2009). Structuring mergers acquisitions: a guide to creating shareholder value. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Negotiation of Disputes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lussier, R. (2008). Management Fundamentals: Concepts, Applications, Skill Development. San Fransisco, CA: Cengage Learning. Shamir, Y. (2003). Alternative Dispute Resolution Approaches and their Application. Buenos Aires, Argentina: PCCP Publications. This assessment on Negotiation of Disputes was written and submitted by user Senator Bail to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Digital Television Essays - Digital Television, Television

Digital Television Essays - Digital Television, Television Digital Television Digital Television On November 1, 1998 computer companies, television makers, broadcasters, and program suppliers have made a transition from analog to digital television. When the FCC passed a law forcing the networks to change from an analog broadcast to a digital broadcast, all the above mentioned industries have been scrambling to get a jump on their competition. The picture and sound qualities of digital TV broadcasts are the best on Earth. However, at this moment cost remains a big problem. You can spend anywhere from $6,000 to $10,000 at the present time (Booth 80). Once the cost is driven down over the next few years, the average citizen will be able to experience the advantages of digital TV. Digital TV will allow for a wider screen display, like those screens in movie theaters, and a sharper picture. What causes this perk is the fact that digital signals have a higher bit rate. This allows for more bits to be transmitted into the TV (cable, antenna, or satellite). The more bits a TV can transmit, the better the picture or screen resolution. The digital TV signal can carry as many as 19.4 megabits of data, which means a broadcaster can mix multiple programs of varying bit sizes onto a single channel. Say youre watching a football game, since one camera view only uses up so many bits, you can select a different camera angle while watching the same game on the same channel. It is possible for a network, like NBC, to show two different programs at the same time on the same channel. Conceivably, if the president in on, you can watch regular scheduled programming. With the introduction of the digital TV, the introduction of WebTV is upon us. One will be able to surf the internet through the television instead of using their computer. That is how the computer industry is involved in the digital TV. What companies like Sony and Microsoft hope to do is combine the TV and PC into one unit. They believe they can diminish the lines between consumer electronics and computers. Ultimately, both companies would like to make things more convenient and interface both industries. This will force computer companies and television makers to get on the ball and compete with these two corporate giants. What will the transition to digital TV be like? Like any new radical product transition, the changeover will take some time. There will be the people who will adopt early and pay the high prices to get the first sets. There will be varying degrees of value. Some people will buy the movie screen type display with the 16x9 aspect ratio. Others may want a digital TV with the screen size ratio we have now. That will allow for a drastically sharper image. Some will want the DTV-ready box. This is a converter box you set on top of your current TV, and it will change the image to a sharper digital image. This could give you an extra 10 years out of the TV you currently own. The industry is flexible in learning how to merchandise a mix of changing products. Theyve done it hundreds of time before and will certainly do it again. One example is the introduction of the audio compact disk. On November 1, 1998 the era of digital TV began. It isnt available nationwide yet. The current markets include the 12 largest cities in the U.S., where 30 DTV stations began airing DTV programs on new channels assigned by the FCC. Come next spring, 15 more stations in another 11 cities will hit the airwaves. This will extend the coverage to about four of every ten American TV households. Here is what the FCC hopes to accomplish: nationwide coverage by 2003. During the year 2006, the FCC hopes to discontinue analog broadcasts all together (Booth 78). That goal isnt set in stone since many other factors will come into play, many of them being political. What turns on TV sets is programming that people want to watch. During the analog era, viewers have tolerated ghosts and snow in order to watch their must see TV. Americans only want the best available equipment and digital TV is available now. The average

Visuals Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visuals Analysis - Essay Example In advertising, visual perception is very important. An advertisement can sell a product if has very good visuals and it is presented properly. A consumer’s visual perception can either make or break an advertisement. It can sell or not sell a product. Consumers will always understand a product or service more if there are visuals. Traditional methods of advertising a product may no longer be as effective as it was before. With the advancement in technology and the age of the internet, companies are becoming more creative in marketing their products. One of the latest trends in advertising nowadays is the use of optical illusions. Optical illusions use color, light and patterns which can create images that can be deceptive or misleading to our brains. The brain processes the information gathered by the eye, creating a perception which in reality does not match the true image (Optical Society of America, 2008). Some people view optical illusions as deceptive; thus, frown on it when used in advertisements. Still for others, optical illusions may be considered as creative marketing tools. Optical illusions are a great source of intrigue and entertainment making it an effective marketing tool.

Paragraph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Paragraph - Essay Example Both markets are made up of people who believe a person’s name can have a significant impact on their life as well as being made up of people who believe the money is worth finding the perfect name for their child or themselves. Women would likely make up a larger part of her market than men. Many competitors of Maryanna’s business will likely emerge. A person could simply learn what she knows and does and create their own nameology business. But because she has gained a wide following and is considered one of the first to come up with â€Å"nameology,† she would likely still have a competitive edge. People could also enter her market and offer a lower price for similar services since the price of $399 might seem a little steep just for some guidance and advice. Probably the biggest competitor for her is all the similar information available for free on the internet. There is a lot of information on the web about potential names for children as well as topics tha t are similar to Maryanna’s personal nameology. With a lot of research, a person could probably accomplish something close to what Maryanna provides.

SHRM Terms and Models in Organizational Strategy Essay - 1

SHRM Terms and Models in Organizational Strategy - Essay Example 1. The SHRM approach focuses on types of people and skills needed, while the strengths based approach applies a wider perspective. It draws not on skills or things that people are good at, but on strengths which are defined as â€Å"pre –existing capacities for a particular way of behaving, thinking or feeling that is authentic and energising to the user and enables optimal functioning, development and performance†. 2. SHRM is concerned with the contributions human resource strategies make to organizational effectiveness, and the ways in which these contributions are achieved (see Boxall & Purcell, 2000 and Delery & Shaw, 2001). The strengths based approach interpreted with regard to the SHRM model, is also a human resource strategy to increase organizational effectiveness. It fits the â€Å"best practice† model that is advocated by SHRM scholars who have suggested that a single high performance human resource strategy (HPHRS) enhances organizational effectiveness regardless of organizational goals, work systems, or context (Becker & Huselid, 1998; Pfeffer, 1998). In this sense the strengths based approach can be seen as HPHRS since the focus is not on achieving a set organizational goal or being concerned with work systems or context, the idea is to change the organizational culture so that overall business performance improves (case study). However achievement of certain goals may stil l be targeted as seen in the case study where the board is allotted projects according to their strengths.

Defining And Understanding Resilience

Defining And Understanding Resilience Drawing on material from the module, critically discuss the extent to which theories relating to resilience inform our understanding of an aspect or aspects of contemporary social work. Resilience is described by Fonagy, et al ( 1994) as an ability to achieve a normal standard of development, within a challenging situation. Within contemporary social work practice therefore, support should be provided to enable children and young people to develop and be resilient when faced with adversity and trauma in their life. Rutter (2000) argues that a childs ability to be resilient when faced with hardship, is comparative as opposed to being conclusive. A child or young persons level of resilience is not a predetermined personal quality, individuals are therefore not either weak or strong. The ability to be resilient to trauma subsequently changes in relation to the situation the child is in and the protective factors which may, or may not be, in place. I will explore this further in respect of the psychosocial theories concerning resilience and vulnerability and the defensive aspects which might underpin this. I will also discuss how an increased understanding of these can be constructively applied within modern social work and the need for development of resilience in social workers, practising within a bureaucratic environment. From a psychoanalytical perspective, Freud (1923, cited in Glassman, 1995) proposes that psychological states are determined in the very early stages of life, arguing that a persons level of resilience or vulnerability may be set in place prior to the Oedipal stage. Therefore, by the end of the childhood development period, reactions such as apprehension and fear, alongside other emotive forces and mechanisms of defence have already been imprinted into a specific individual model (Thomas, 1996). A child experiencing the divorce of his parents for example, may develop polarised split views of each parent for example having positive feelings towards the mother and negative towards the father, as a method of coping with the situation (Rutter, 2000). When a situation as an adult occurs which is causing similar emotive reactions such as anxiety, an individual may fall back on this prefigured defence mechanism of splitting their views very distinctly, without perhaps analysing all of the i nformation fully. Masten Powell (2003) argue that primary structures recognised as qualities of human functioning are adaptive and have significant importance in building resilience throughout a diverse range of traumatic and frightening circumstances, for example the forming of attachment relationships which provide a sense of security. Bowlbys (1969) theory of attachment argues that the establishment of a definite connection to a primary care giver, is a significant and valuable initial relationship. Object relations theory which explores the relationship between mother and child proposes that for a child to feel positive about themselves, a warm, stable relationship is required. Bowlby (1988) proposes that a secure attachment will support a child to make confident enquiries of the world around them, developed from having a strong feeling of integration within an encouraging social structure. Attachment can be divided into secure and insecure attachments, and contains both empirical and hypothetical implications. Throughout practice therefore, a model of insecure attachment for example, can be applied in observing a childs behaviour and their possible inability to form relationships. An insecurely attached individual may have a combination of juxtaposed views such as reliance and closeness, alongside an anxiety of possible criticism and dismissal ( Holmes, 1993) . In practice therefore, an understanding of an individuals lack of connection with other people and difficulties in coping with an adverse situation can begin to be understood further within the attachment theory framework. Henderson et al ( 2007) propose that in respect of young people, the transition from childhood through to adolescence and into adulthood, is greatly strengthened by being part of a group and experiencing a sense of connectedness, as opposed to loneliness. A strong sense of ones own abilities and potential can be bolstered by being part of a social network, and also support a childs perception of school as being a constructive and positive part of life (Glover, 2009). The theory of attachment can be applied in practice not just from a psychoanalytical approach, through analysis of learned behaviour and unconscious processes, but also from a behavioural perspective which may argue that an inadequate attachment to a primary caregiver, explains the difficulty experienced in forming friendships during school years for example. Practitioners should remain mindful, however, that there are children who with a great deal of family encouragement and wider social support, still struggle to have the ability to endure the adversity and stresses which may occur in their lives (Rutter,1999). Therefore, whilst psychological theories such as Bowlbys attachment theory can aid understanding of behaviour each individual is effected by the structural factors impacting on their lives. Skeggs ( 2001) argues a sociological view, postulating that class has a significant impact on access to education for example, due to economic resources and as such restricts an individuals opportunity to develop and move forward with their lives, in a way they might wish to. Giddens (1991), in contrast, argues that people have a great deal of agency and control over their lives and therefore have the ability to make changes within their experienced structure of society. Giddens (1991) argues that we live in a post traditional society in which young people do not fall back on traditional roles which were executed by previous generations. Whilst this level of agency enables greater autonomy it may also add to the vulnerability felt by young adults, some of which may struggle more than others due to factors such as racism, stigma and disability (Banks, 2006). It could be argued therefore, that young people are attempting to move forward in life with very little sense of direction. In a postmodern society the propensity for insecurity of children is almost built into their lifestyle. Eriksons ( 1965) theory of development supports this view, arguing that cultural and social circumstances, rather than inner drives, should be evaluated. This will enable an understanding of a individuals behaviour to be gained and issues which are having a damaging effect, to be addressed. The field of child psychology which is concerned with life events, analyses the context in which the child is experiencing the significant incident. The resilience needed to cope with a life event such as divorce is ongoing. As argued by Rutter (2000) there may be particular turmoil surrounding the life event, but there is a potential for the effects of this trauma to continue throughout all other aspects of life. For example having to move home and therefore change schools, form new friendship groups and cope with the feelings of loss if a parent is no longer maintaining regular contact with the child. Therefore, whilst the divorce if the significant life event the long term loss and vulnerability felt by the child is much broader than this. A child who is experiencing a difficult home situation because of the breakdown of a parental relationship, can shield themselves from some of the mental and emotional anguish of their home life through the formation of a close relationship with an adult who is external to the immediate family unit. Howe (1995) postulates that extended family members such as aunts or uncles who positively acknowledge and nurture their abilities and unique characteristics will encourage and enable the child to form a confident and positive perception of the self, away from their traumatic situation. Achieving a feeling of ownership and confidence in ones own abilities can support the development of coping mechanisms. Fonagy, et al (1994) concur with this, arguing that in regards to building a level of resilience, the development of a strong, close relationship with a supportive adult provides an effective protective factor. In respect of contemporary social work, it is the practitioners role to support a child or young person who does not have a stable network of social support (Charles Wilton, 2004), through enabling access to recreation and social activities as necessary. However whilst this may provide support to form a social network and become part of a friendship group within a structured environment, the provision of encouragement does not have to be as definite or predetermined. The introduction of reliable, regular routines into a childs life may assist greatly in the formation of a sense of identity and well being, as recognised by Sandler et al (1989). For example, recurring daily practices in home life in respect of stories at bedtime for young children or eating meals together at a regular time. All of which help to form a feeling of stability and organisation, encouraging a sense of belonging, attachment and security. If a practitioner can apply this theory when working with a family expe riencing trauma it may serve to provide a sensation of familiarity in a life which may, in all other ways, be in turmoil. Within adult care social work also, exploration of early childhood relationships, presence of attachment and occurrence of significant life events, can be carried out, in order to fully understand how an individual has come to a particular point in their life. For example, Bowlbys (1969) study of adults in prison involved therapeutically working back through their lives, to a point in which their childhood attachments could be identified. An understanding of the construct in which the adult is existing, will enable a practitioner to gain deeper understanding, provide appropriate support and to ensure anti-oppressive practice occurs, supporting empowerment of the service user (Dominelli, 2002). Henderson, et al ( 2007) execute a biographical method in their research carried out with young people regarding their perception of well being, enabling a holistic analysis of their lives to be obtained. The benefits of this study are that the researchers tried to comprehend what the young people really understood as being imperative to their well being, through the discussion of life events which had occurred throughout the research process. Whilst the methods used by Henderson et al ( 2007) could be applied positively within social work practice in order to gain understanding of an individuals specific circumstances, practitioners should be mindful of not overlooking the complexities of situations by using the information disclosed in respect of significant life events as a straight forward method of explanation of why a young persons life has transpired the way it has. Kenny Kenny (2000) identify the possibility for patriarchal and authoritarian practice, in the application of psychosocial theories. The notion of resilience itself is subjective and therefore practitioners should be aware of their own opinion of what constitutes sinking or swimming and ensure that this personal view does not influence their judgement of a situation or an individuals capabilities ( Walker Beckett, 2003). The level of power, therefore held by social workers is vast and should be applied carefully and with an awareness of and respect for, diversity of family structures and relationships within the assessment process (Dominelli, 2002). The qualitative methods executed by Henderson et al ( 2007) in respect of gaining a biography of each participant over time, support the view of Giddens ( 1991) who argues that the self is a reflexive project. Giddens (1991) view of late modernity argues that adulthood is constructed and therefore the most significant method of establishing identity as adults, is the development of self narratives. This view is also proposed by Frosh (1991) who argues that through the development and reflexive nature of narrative construction, an individual will form the skills to endure adversities which he argues can persist throughout life. The construction of a personal narrative and the effects of life events on this, is therefore an ongoing process throughout child and adulthood. This is reflected in the research of Fonagy et al (1994) who identify that mothers presenting as resilient, provided an accurate model of the characteristics of their relationship held with their own mother. This capac ity to possess a consistent paradigm of their personal maternal attachments, which may be positive or negative, created a higher likelihood of establishing strong, secure attachments with their own children. Giddens (1991) postulates that fateful moments occur in individuals lives which shape the way their lives continue. This may be empowering or destructive dependant on the event, the timing of the event and how capable and resilient the individual is to deal with it. For example if a child experiences illness and as a consequence is unable to attend school the effects of this event can be ongoing. Being unable to sit exams, missing lessons etc, impact on their ability to integrate into friendship groups when they return to school which may result in being bullied and a change in their perception of school. The ongoing effects of this could be truancy and a lack of engagement in studying, in order to obtain qualifications and progress into further education ( Henderson, et al, 2007). In practice, gaining an understanding of an individuals narrative may present details of critical moments in their life enabling a deeper understanding of their experiences and resilience to dealing with d ifficulties . To conclude, it is clear that resilience does not represent a distinct personal attribute or quality. Children and young people may demonstrate resilience in regards to particular anxieties and traumas but feel unable to cope with others ( Rutter, 1999). Within social work practice, therefore, it is essential to evaluate how a child is placed within their family unit and also within wider society. As discussed by Gilligan (2004), the presence of other siblings, how the child functions within the family model and their relationship and interactions with family members, are significant, contextual and influential elements of a childs life and their capacity to be resilient. The impact of external environmental factors such as positive relationships with other adults, being part of a friendship group and feeling happy at school all act as protective factors in mitigating the negative elements of their life and promoting their resilience ( Werner Smith, 1992). Within the practice of contemporary social work therefore, attention should also be paid to the level of resilience held by practitioners, working with individuals in traumatic situations whilst existing within their own personal construct of relationships, family and past life events. It is imperative that practitioners are self aware in respect of their own ability to cope with the situations in which they are practising. This is an element which can at times be overlooked in regards to people working in supportive roles, who are often perceived as being highly resilient to the effects of trauma ( Coulshed Orme, 2006). In modern social work there is great emphasis placed on value and proficiency both in respect of time and finances and efficiency of practice (Rogers, 2001). The significance of emotion and resilience can frequently be underestimated within the bureaucratic schema in which social workers practice. Psychosocial theories of resilience therefore, can be applied not just in working with service users but in attempting to maintain resilience of practitioners. Word Count 2472

Mickey Mantle Essay -- essays research papers

Mickey Mantle was a stupendous ball player. He was great at playing baseball because he practiced a lot. His whole baseball career, is the career that I dream of having. He played in 12 of his 18 career years in the World Serieswith the Yankee's. When Mickey Mantle was growing up, he was small, and spindly. His nickname was "little Mick" when he was a child. Mantle went to Commerce grade school. When Mickey was little, he always thought about baseball (Falkner 21). His parents bought baseball gloves for him, but his mom made his uniforms. When he started playing he always was a good hitter from the right side. He was a little bit scared of the ball. Whenever the ball curved, he dropped so it would not hit him. His Dad was one that taught him how to switchhit. His dad and grandpa always got some games going after school with some of Mickey's friends (Falkner 22).The people who taught him how to play the game were his father and grandfather. He practiced with them for at least 2 hours a day (Falkner 23). Mickey played sports and games whenever he could. He just could not stay away from the game of baseball. The one sport that Mickey did not want anything to do with was swimming. The reason why was because swimming almost cost him hislifeOnce him and his friends were swimming in a river,and they were not supposed to, and a lady came and seen them, and his friends left him on a raft and he could not swim, and he fell off and almost drowned.Mickey did not like sch...